What is Bipolar Disorder?
Bipolar disorder is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in
mood, energy, activity levels, concentration, and the ability to carry
out day-to-day tasks. These mood episodes range from very "up,"
elated, irritable, or energized periods (called manic or hypomanic
episodes) to very "down," sad, or hopeless periods (called depressive
episodes).
Bipolar disorder affects approximately
2.8% of adults in the United States, about 7 million
people. Symptoms often appear during late adolescence or early
adulthood, although they can occur at any age.
Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, but with the right
treatment and support, people can live full and productive lives.
Types of Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar I Disorder
Defined by manic episodes that last at least seven days, or by manic
symptoms so severe that immediate hospital care is needed. Depressive
episodes typically occur as well, lasting at least two weeks.
Bipolar II Disorder
Defined by a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes
(less severe than full mania). People with Bipolar II do not
experience full-blown manic episodes.
Cyclothymic Disorder
Periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that last for at least
two years but do not meet the full criteria for hypomanic or
depressive episodes.
Understanding Manic and Depressive Episodes
Signs of a Manic Episode
- Feeling very "up," high, or elated
- Increased energy or activity
- Decreased need for sleep
- Talking very fast, jumping from topic to topic
- Racing thoughts
- Feeling unusually important, talented, or powerful
-
Engaging in risky behaviors (spending sprees, reckless driving, poor
decisions)
Signs of a Depressive Episode
- Feeling very sad, hopeless, or empty
- Low energy and extreme fatigue
- Decreased activity and slowed movement
- Trouble concentrating or making decisions
- Changes in sleep and appetite
- Feeling worthless or overly guilty
- Thoughts of death or suicide
If you or someone you know is experiencing thoughts of suicide
during a depressive episode, call or text 988 immediately.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of bipolar disorder is not fully understood, but
research points to several contributing factors:
-
Genetics: Bipolar disorder tends to run in
families. Having a parent or sibling with bipolar disorder greatly
increases risk.
-
Brain structure: Differences in brain structure and
function may contribute.
-
Environment: High stress, sleep problems, or
traumatic events may trigger episodes.
Treatment Options
Bipolar disorder is a condition that lasts a long time and needs to be
treated all the time. There are several ways to treat it, including:
-
Mood stabilizers: Medications such as lithium are
commonly prescribed to prevent episodes and reduce their severity.
-
Psychotherapy: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
and psychoeducation help people understand and manage their
condition.
-
Routine and sleep: Maintaining a consistent daily
schedule, especially regular sleep, is critical for managing bipolar
disorder.
-
Support networks: Family involvement and peer
support groups play an important role in recovery.